What is typically NOT included as a hygiene factor in Herzberg's theory?

In Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, hygiene factors are elements that, when absent or inadequate, can lead to job dissatisfaction but do not necessarily motivate employees when present. These factors are essential for maintaining a reasonable level of satisfaction in the workplace but do not drive individuals to higher levels of performance or satisfaction.

Career advancement opportunities are generally categorized as motivators, not hygiene factors. Motivators are linked to job satisfaction and are factors that can encourage employees to perform better and feel fulfilled in their roles, such as recognition, achievement, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth and advancement.

On the other hand, elements like salary, company policies, and working conditions fall under hygiene factors, because while they can cause dissatisfaction if poorly managed (for instance, inadequate salary or poor working conditions), simply having acceptable levels of these factors does not necessarily inspire employees to achieve more or perform at a higher level. Instead, it only ensures that employees are not unhappy in their positions.